Current status of pediatric respiratory therapist / 中国小儿急救医学

Respiratory therapist is a new profession in medicine, who works therapeutically with people suffering from pulmonary disease.Their timely treatments of patients with cardiopulmonary insufficiency can significantly reduce mortality in pediatric intensive care units.This review focused on the responsibilities of respiratory therapists, the importance of respiratory support therapy in children, and the most updated development in China as well as the problems to be solved.

Current Situation and Influencing Factors of Delay in Seeking Medical Treatment Among Residents in Rural Areas of Sichuan Province / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To understand the current situation and explore the influencing factors of delay in seeking medical treatment for common symptoms of residents in the rural areas of Sichuan province. Methods In July 2019,multi-stage random sampling was carried out in Zigong city,Sichuan province,and the data were collected by face-to-face questionnaire interview.The residents who had lived at hometown for more than half a year in the past year and had seen a doctor in the most recent month were surveyed.Logistic regression was adopted to predict the influencing factors of delay in seeking medical treatment. Results A total of 342 subjects were enrolled,and the incidence of delay in seeking medical treatment was 13.45%(46/342).Compared with the young and middle-aged(<65 years)people,the elderly(≥65 years)people were more likely to have delay in seeking medical treatment (OR=2.187,95%CI=1.074-4.457,P=0.031).The rural residents who gave higher score of the overall quality of township health centers were less likely to have delay in seeking medical treatment (OR=0.854,95%CI=0.735-0.992,P=0.039). Conclusions The occurrence of delay in seeking medical treatment for common symptoms of rural residents in Sichuan province is low.Age and the overall quality evaluation of township health centers affect the occurrence of delay in medical treatment among the rural residents in Sichuan province.Efforts should be made to improve the awareness of disease prevention among the elderly in rural areas.The investment in health resources in township health centers should be increased to strengthen the introduction and training of talents.These measures can improve the health services in township health centers,guide residents to make timely use of health resources,and reduce the occurrence of delay in seeking medical treatment.

Mechanism of polymyxin resistance related to lipopolysaccharide modification in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective:To investigate the mechanism of polymyxin resistance related to lipopolysaccharide modification in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP). Methods:Plasmid-mediated drug resistance genes in seven CRKP strains were detected by conjugation assay and mcr gene detection. The expression of polymyxin resistance-related genes was measured using quantitative real-time PCR. The complete genomes of CRKP strains were sequenced. Silver staining and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) were performed to analyze the changes in lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Results:The seven CRKP strains were negative for mcr genes and the results of conjugation assay were also negative. Moreover, no mobile genetic elements related to drug resistance were detected. Compared with wild-type strain, all seven CRKP strains that were resistant to polymyxin showed increased expression of pmrA, pmrB and pmrC genes at the transcriptional level; six showed increased expression of phoP/ phoQ genes; three showed decreased expression of crrA/ crrB genes; four showed decreased expression of mgrB gene. The missense mutation sites in drug-resistant strains were mainly in KPHS_09430, KPHS_35900, KPHS_39520 and KPHS_52420. IS Kpn14 insertion sequence was detected in CRKP-6 strain. MALDI-TOF-MS reveals the modification of natural lipid A with L-Ara4N in CRKP LPS. Conclusions:LPS modification induced by chromosome-mediated mutation in the two-component regulatory system was the main molecular mechanism of polymyxin resistance in CRKP isolates in this study. Effects of the mutation in the two-component system on polymyxin resistance varied in different strains.

Quantitative assessment of right ventricular myocardial blood flow with SPECT in pulmonary hypertension animal models / 中华核医学与分子影像杂志

Objective:To explore the changes of right ventricular myocardial perfusion in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) pig models with a quantitative analysis technique based on dynamic SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging, and analyze the relationship between myocardial blood flow, hemodynamics and right ventricular function.Methods:Eleven Chinese miniature pigs (all males, 6-8 months old) weighing 25-30 kg were selected. The PAH models were established by ligating the main pulmonary artery and embolizing the right lower pulmonary artery. After the models were established, dynamic myocardial perfusion imaging with one-day resting/adenosine stress 99Tc m-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (MIBI) SPECT was performed, and the quantitative parameters of left and right ventricles were obtained, including stress myocardial blood flow (SMBF), rest myocardial blood flow (RMBF) and myocardial flow reserve (MFR: the ratio of stress to rest myocardial blood flow). Right heart catheterization was performed to evaluate the mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), and the right heart function index tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) was measured by transthoracic echocardiography. According to TAPSE, animals were divided into right heart function preserved group ( n=5, TAPSE≥17 mm) and right heart dysfunction group ( n=4, TAPSE<17 mm). Pearson correlation analysis and the independent-sample t test were used for data analysis. Results:Nine experimental pig models were established with increased mPAP of (38.1 ± 11.6 ) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa). Myocardial perfusion imaging showed clear radiotracer uptake in the right heart and myocardial hypertrophy. There was a significant positive correlation between right ventricular myocardial RMBF ((0.71±0.13) ml·min -1·g -1) and mPAP ( r=0.94, P< 0.001). The SMBF in the decreased right ventricular function group was significantly lower than that in the preserved right ventricular function group ((1.66±0.35) vs (2.24±0.30) ml·min -1·g -1;t=2.68, P=0.032). Conclusion:SPECT myocardial blood flow quantification can be used to evaluate the right ventricular myocardial blood flow in pig models of PAH.

Diagnostic value of ATP stress myocardial perfusion imaging in detecting coronary artery disease with quantitative coronary angiography as the gold standard / 中华核医学与分子影像杂志

Objective:To assess the diagnostic value of ATP stress myocardial perfusion imaging(MPI) in detecting coronary heart disease (CAD) with quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) as the gold standard.Methods:A total of 95 consecutive patients (65 males, 30 females, age (56.2±8.5) years) who underwent ATP stress/rest MPI and coronary angiography (CAG) within one month in Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from May 2018 to December 2018 were enrolled prospectively. The adverse reactions of ATP stress test were observed. Semi-quantitative analysis was performed on MPI results, and the summed stress score (SSS), summed rest score (SRS) and summed difference score (SDS) were obtained. Quantitative analysis was performed on CAG images, and the degree of QCA coronary artery stenosis was analyzed. Using QCA as the gold standard, the diagnostic efficiency of ATP stress MPI was calculated. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to analyzed the relationship between SSS and the degree of QCA coronary artery stenosis.Results:In 95 cases, the incidence of adverse reactions in ATP stress test was 73.7%(70/95), which could be relieved automatically after drug withdrawal. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of ATP stress MPI in diagnosing coronary artery stenosis ≥50% were 45.3%(24/53), 81.0%(34/42), 75.0%(24/32), 54.0%(34/63) and 61.1%(58/95) respectively, which were 15/16, 78.5%(62/79), 46.9%(15/32), 98.4%(62/63), and 81.1%(77/95) respectively in diagnosing coronary artery stenosis ≥70%. There was moderate correlation between SSS and the degree of QCA coronary artery stenosis ( r=0.418, P=0.017). Conclusion:ATP stress MPI has a clinical value in the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia in CAD.

The effect of siderophore virulence gene entB on the virulence of Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae / 中华检验医学杂志

Objective:To study the effect of the siderophore virulence gene entB on the virulence of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumonia (CRKP). Methods:CRKP-27 was selected as the experimental strain from 30 CRKP strains collected from the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University. The knockdown strain (Δ entB) and complementing strain (C-Δ entB) were constructed by the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-Cas9 technology, and verified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In order to initially understand the effect of entB on CRKP colony morphology and virulence phenotype, the colony morphology of CRKP-27, Δ entB, and C-Δ entB strains were observed and string test were tested. Draw the growth curve of the strains and determine the effect of entB on the growth of the CRKP strains. The siderophores production ability of the strains were detected quantitatively using chrome azurol S (CAS) detection solution. Mice model of inflammation was established to observe the survival rate of mice and intuitively understand the effect of entB on CRKP virulence. Results:The PCR results showed that the Δ entB strain and C-Δ entB stranin were constructed successfully. The entB has no significant effect on the colony morphology, capsule and virulence phenotype of CRKP. The growth rate of Δ entB was significantly faster than that of CRKP-27( P=0.008) and C-Δ entB ( P=0.001), which showed that entB weakened the growth ability of CRKP. Compared with CRKP-27( P=0.001) and C-Δ entB( P=0.001), the siderophore production of Δ entB was significantly decreased by 11.739 3% and 11.964 2%, indicating that entB gene increased the capacity of CRKP to produce siderophpres. In animal experiments, compared with CRKP-27( P=0.023) and C-Δ entB( P=0.024), the survival rate of mice in the Δ entB group was significantly increased, indicating that the entB increased the virulence of the CRKP. Conclusion:The siderophore virulence gene entB significantly weakened the growth ability of the strain, but clearly enhanced the siderophore production capacity and virulence of CRKP.

Analgesic effects of ultrasound-guided rectus sheath block in open gastrectomy / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the analgesic effects of ultrasound-guided rectus abdominis sheath block (RSB) in open gastrectomy.Methods:Forty-one patients with gastric cancer who underwent open gastrectomy in Binzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from December 2019 to December 2020 were included in this study. They were randomly assigned to undergo either RSB with 40 mL of 0.375% ropivacaine (group A, n = 21) or RSB with 40 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride injection (group B, n = 20) based on total intravenous anesthesia. After skin sutures, patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) was performed. Intraoperative dose of remifentanil and postoperative dose of PCA drug were compared between the two groups. Results:Intraoperative dose of remifentanil was significantly lower in the group A than that in the group B [(1 021.4 ± 172.0) μg vs. (1 415.0 ± 330.6) μg, t = -4.04, P = 0.001]. Postoperative doses of PCA drug used by 1 and 2 hours after surgery were (1.14 ± 0.90) mL and (0.85 ± 0.70) mL respectively in group A, which were significantly lower than (1.85 ± 0.70) mL and (1.45 ± 1.00) mL in the group B ( t = -5.96, -2.75, P < 0.001, P = 0.009). There were no significant differences in postoperative doses of PCA drug used by 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after surgery between the two groups (both P > 0.05). Conclusion:RSB with 40 mL of ropivacaine applied to both sides of the incision before open gastrectomy can reduce the dose of remifentanil used during surgery and the dose of PCA drug used within 2 hours after surgery.

Metabolites of schaftoside in mouse plasma, bile, urine and feces after oral administration by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS / 药学学报

Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole/time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS) has been used to detect the metabolites of schaftoside in plasma, bile, urine and feces of mice after oral administration. The study was approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee from Xuzhou Medical University (No. XZMULL201612024). Compounds were identified by analyzing their high-resolution mass spectrometry data, mass spectra, and comparison with reference substances and the literatures. The parent compound and 29 metabolites were detected in the plasma, bile, urine and feces samples of mice. The main metabolic pathways of schaftoside in mice include deglycosylation/glycosylation, hydroxylation/dehydroxylation, hydrogenation, methylation, acetylation, sulfation, and glucuronidation. This study provides references for the material basis of schaftoside in vivo.

Association of Dietary Diversity with Growth and Development of Children in Multi-ethnic Rural Areas of Sichuan Province / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To understand the growth and dietary diversity status of children in multi-ethnic areas of Sichuan province,and to explore the associations of dietary diversity with growth and development indicators. Methods Children of 18-36 months old and their primary caregivers were selected with multi-stage cluster random sampling method from rural areas of Han,Tibetan,and Yi ethnic groups in Sichuan province. The sociodemographic information of children and their caregivers was collected using self-designed questionnaire.The dietary diversity score(DDS)was calculated according to the criteria in the Guidelines for Measuring Household and Individual Dietary Diversity released by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.The body height(length)and body weight of each child were measured by standard equipment for anthropological measurement,and the height for age Z score(HAZ),weight for age Z score(WAZ),and weight for height Z score(WHZ) were calculated.Multivariate linear regression was performed to analyze the relationship between dietary diversity and growth indicators of children. Results A total of 1092 children were enrolled in this study,and the prevalence of stunting(HAZ<-2),underweight(WAZ<-2),and wasting(WHZ<-2)was 21.1%,4.9%,and 2.5%,respectively.The children had the mean DDS of 4.8±1.7,and 45.3% of children had poor dietary diversity(DDS≤4).The children of Han ethnic group(5.8±1.4)had higher DDS than those of Tibetan ethnic group(4.9±1.6)and Yi ethnic group(3.9±1.6)(P<0.001).The results of multivariate linear regression indicated that DDS was positively correlated with HAZ(β=0.206,95%CI=0.158-0.254,P<0.001)after adjustment of sex,age,birth weight,preterm birth,and parental body height.After further adjustment of family fixed assets,ethnic group,caregiver's type,and caregiver's education background,the correlation between DDS and HAZ remained significant(β=0.077,95%CI=0.026-0.128, P=0.003). Conclusions The children in the multi-ethnic rural areas of Sichuan province showed troublesome growth and development status and low dietary diversity,which were conspicuously different between ethnic groups,especially in the rural areas of Yi ethnic group.The dietary diversity was positively associated with HAZ.It is recommended to carry out nutrition and health education according to the local dietary characteristics and thus improve the growth and development of children in multi-ethnic rural areas in Sichuan.

Evaluation of Accuracy and Influencing Factors for Diagnosis of Two Chronic Diseases by Primary Healthcare Providers in Sichuan Rural Areas Based on Standardized Patients / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective We used standardized patients to evaluate the accuracy and explore the influencing factors of the diagnosis of unstable angina pectoris and type 2 diabetes by primary healthcare providers in Sichuan rural areas,aiming to provide a scientific basis for improving the diagnosis accuracy of primary healthcare providers for the two chronic diseases. Methods A multi-stage stratified random cluster sampling method was adopted to select 100 villages from 50 townships in 5 districts/counties in Zigong city,Sichuan province. General and internal medicine practioners who were on duty on the survey day were enrolled in the survey.Two rounds of data collection were conducted.In the first round,the basic information of providers from township health centers and village clinics was collected.One month after the the first survey,standardized patients were used to collect the information related to the diagnosis of unstable angina pectoris and type 2 diabetes by rural primary providers.Logistic regression was carried out to analyze the factors influencing the diagnosis accuracy. Results A total of 172 rural primary healthcare providers were enrolled in the survey,who completed 186 standardized patient visits and showed the correct diagnosis rate of 48.39%.Specifically,the correct diagnosis rates of unstable angina pectoris and type 2 diabetes were 18.68%(17/91) and 76.84%(73/95),respectively.The providers with medical practitioner qualifications were more likely to make correct diagnosis(OR=4.857,95%CI=1.076-21.933, P=0.040).The providers who involved more necessary consultation and examination items in the diagnosis process had higher probability of correct diagnosis(OR=1.627,95%CI=1.065-2.485, P=0.024).Additionally,the providers were more likely to make a correct diagnosis for type 2 diabetes than for unstable angina pectoris(OR=6.306,95%CI=3.611-11.013, P<0.001). Conclusions The overall diagnosis accuracy of unstable angina pectoris and type 2 diabetes was relatively low among primary healthcare providers in Sichuan rural areas.The training of diagnosis process can be taken as a key for improving providers' practice ability so as to increase the diagnosis accuracy of chronic diseases.

Psychological Status and Influencing Factors of Staff at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Sichuan Province during the Outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To assess the psychological status of staff at the centers for disease control and prevention(CDC) in Sichuan during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) and explore the influencing factors. Methods The staff at Sichuan provincial,municipal,and county(district)-level CDC were selected by convenience sampling.Their basic information,work status,training status,work difficulties,and support from the work group were collected from the self-filled questionnaires online.The Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale and the 9-question Patient Health Questionnaire were respectively employed to measure the anxiety and depression of the staff.The stepwise Logistic regression was carried out to analyze the influencing factors of anxiety and depression in CDC staff. Results Among the 653 staff,58.35% and 50.06% presented anxiety and depression,respectively.The regression results showed that age(OR=0.95,95%CI=0.92-0.97) and mental support from the work group(OR=0.61,95%CI=0.45-0.82) were the protective factors while physical fatigue(OR=1.82,95%CI=1.20-2.74),work pressure(OR=1.61,95%CI=1.21-2.12),and insufficient protective equipment(OR=1.92,95%CI=1.06-3.49) were the risk factors for depression of CDC staff.Age(OR=0.97,95%CI=0.94-0.99),length of sleep per day(OR=0.74,95%CI=0.56-0.96),and participation in technical training(OR=0.33,95%CI=0.12-0.95) were the protective factors while mental fatigue(OR=1.68,95%CI=1.18-2.41),work pressure(OR=2.94,95%CI=2.08-4.17),and unclear incentive system for overtime(OR=1.99,95%CI=1.23-3.23) were the risk factors for the anxiety of CDC staff. Conclusion The anxiety and depression status of CDC staff during the COVID-19 outbreak were worrying,which were mainly affected by age,sleep,supply of protective equipment,incentive system,fatigue,and work pressure.

Correlation between children and adolescents behavioral habits and the occurrence of myopia in Qamdo / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the current status of myopia in children and adolescents in Qamdo, Tibet, and analyze related influencing factors, so as to provide a basis for the prevention and control of adolescents in plateau areas.@*Methods@#A cross sectional study was conducted among 959 children and adolescents randomly selected from one district and two counties in Qamdo (from the fourth grade of elementary school to the second grade of high school) for visual acuity and refraction tests and filled out a vision related behavior questionnaire to analyze the incidence of myopia among adolescents in the region and its associated factors.@*Results@#The myopia rate of adolescents in grades 4-11 was 54.43%, the rate of undercorrection of refractive errors was 85.25%, and the percentage of students wearing eyeglasses was 34.67%,fully vision correction rate was 42.54%. The myopia rate of students in grades 4-6 was 35.14%, 64.71% in grades 7-9, and 73.48% in grades 10-11. The myopia rate increased with grades( χ 2= 101.18 , P <0.01). The myopia rate (70.40%) of urban students (grades 4-9) was higher than that of county level(41.45%), and the myopia rate of students with myopia from either parent (68.24%) was higher than that of students without myopia (51.91%) , the myopia rate of girls (59.96%) was higher than that of boys (48.36%)( χ 2=53.19，13.46，12.98， P <0.01). Use electronic products for more than 2.5 hours per day, electronic devices usage after bedtime, the light low indoor brightness when studying on a sunny day, and only use one of the table lamps or roof lights when studying at night, preference for fried food, poor sleep quality, in the morning the students who still feel tired are at higher risk of myopia( χ 2=10.35, 10.91, 6.87, 4.25, 4.97, 5.71, 12.11, P < 0.05). Multivariate regression analysis showed that the occurrence of myopia was related to region, grade, gender, parental myopia, time spent on electronic products every day in the past 5 months, and sleep quality( P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#The high rate of myopia in children and adolescents in Qamdo may be related to the quality of sleep, the length of time electronic products are used, the eye environment, and the frequency of eating fried foods. Outdoor activities do not show significant differences.

A randomized controlled trial of early intervention of external diaphragmatic electrical stimulation on diaphragmatic function in mechanically ventilated children / 中国小儿急救医学

Objective:To explore the effects of external diaphragm electrical stimulation on the diaphragm thickness and function in mechanically ventilated children.Methods:A randomized controlled trial was conducted in children who were admitted to PICU at Children′s Hospital of Fudan University and received mechanical ventilation between June 2021 and April 2022.The control group was given the routine treatment of mechanical ventilation, and the intervention group was given external diaphragm electrical stimulation in the early stage of mechanical ventilation in addition to routine treatment.Diaphragm thickness was continuously measured by bedside ultrasound every day for one week after mechanical ventilation, and the changing trend of diaphragm thickness was observed, and the diaphragmatic thickening fraction (DTf) and the incidence of ventilator-induced diaphragmtic dysfunction(VIDD) were calculated at the same time.Results:A total of 32 valid samples were included, including 15 cases in intervention group (10 males) and 17 cases in control group (11 males). The median age of the patients was 33 (10, 77) months, and the median duration of mechanical ventilation was 12 (8, 21) days.The reasons for mechanical ventilation in children included respiratory insufficiency in ten cases, brain dysfunction in ten cases, heart failure in eight cases, and postoperative surgery in four cases.The diaphragm end-expiratory thickness (DTe) in intervention group and the control group showed a gradually decreasing trend from the 1st day to the 7th day.The left thickness was reduced by 11% on the 7th day compared to 1st day in intervention group, which was reduced by 18% in control group; the average daily DTe was reduced by 2% per day in intervention group and by 3% per day in control group.The trends on the right and left were similar.The DTe thickness in the intervention group was greater than that in control group, among which, the mean DTe thickness in the left side of the intervention group on the 7th day was (0.110 7±0.023 7)cm, which was greater than that in control group (0.093 5±0.016 9)cm, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=-2.372, P<0.05); On the second day, the mean DTe thickness on the right side in the intervention group was (0.1267±0.0277) cm, which was greater than that in control group (0.104 7±0.018 1)cm, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=-2.688, P<0.05). DTf in the intervention group was lower than that in control group at 7th day, but the difference was not statistically significant(left DTf: adjusted mean difference was -0.117, P=0.088; right DTf: adjusted mean difference was -0.065, P=0.277). The incidence of VIDD in the intervention group was lower than that in control group(33.3% vs.41.2%), but the difference was not statistically significant ( χ2=0.005, P=0.946). Conclusion:External diaphragmatic electrical stimulation may be helpful for alleviating diaphragmatic atrophy in mechanically ventilated children.However, whether the improvement of diaphragm atrophy is beneficial to clinical outcome still needs further study.

Construction of a nomogram predictive model for readmission risk within 1 year of children with type 1 diabetes and its verification / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To construct and validate a nomogram predictive model for readmission risk within 1 year of children with type 1 diabetes.Methods:A total of 395 children with type 1 diabetes who were hospitalized in four hospitals in Xi′an City from February 2019 to February 2021 were selected as the research subjects. The children were divided into training set ( n = 219) and verification set ( n = 175) in 5∶4 ratios. A nomogram prediction model for readmission risk within 1 year of children with type 1 diabetes was constructed based on the training set data, and internal validation was carried out. The external validation was carried out based on validation set data. Results:A total of 85 (21.5%) children were readmitted within 1 year. Mean glycohemoglobin A1c ≥ 7.5%, co-infection, complications of diabetes, and family history of diabetes were risk factors for readmission within 1 year of children with type 1 diabetes ( OR values were 4.010 - 5.510, P<0.05), and age of onset >7 years old was a protective factor ( OR = 0.070, P<0.05). The internal verification of nomogram model showed that the area under ROC curve was 0.778 (95% CI 0.703- 0.853), and the observed curve in calibration curve was basically consistent with the predicted curve. The external verification showed that the area under ROC curve was 0.748 (95% CI 0.642- 0.854), and the observed curve in calibration curve was basically consistent with the predicted curve. Conclusions:The nomogram predictive model for readmission risk within 1 year of children with type 1 diabetes is scientific and practical, and has certain clinical value in guiding targeted prevention and intervention of readmission of children with type 1 diabetes within one year.

Isoflavones from Sojae Semen Praeparatum Regulate Lipid Metabolism in Atherosclerotic Mice Through PPARγ/LXRα/ABCA1 Signaling Pathway / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo study the effect of isoflavones from Sojae Semen Praeparatum （ISSP） on lipid metabolism in atherosclerotic mice， and decipher the underlying mechanism via the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma/liver X receptor alpha/ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 （PPARγ/LXRα/ABCA1） signaling pathway. MethodFifty ApoE-/- mice were randomly assigned into the model group， western medicine （atorvastatin calcium， 3.03 mg·kg-1） group， and low-， medium-， and high-dose ISSP （2.5， 5， 10 mg·kg-1， respectively） groups， with 10 rats in each group. Atherosclerosis model mice were established by bilateral ovariectomy and feeding high-fat diet. Another 10 ApoE-/- mice receiving ovariectomy and high-fat diet were taken as the sham group. Some mice died of postoperative infection， and finally 6 mice were included in each group. One week after operation， each group was administrated with corresponding drugs or equivalent amount of normal saline. After 12 weeks， the levels of triglyceride （TG）， total cholesterol （TC）， high-density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C）， low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C）， and non-esterified fatty acids （NEFAs） in serum and liver tissue were measured. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） and interleukin-6 （IL-6） in serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining and oil red O staining were used for observation of aortic plaque formation and liver lipid deposition. The mRNA and protein levels of PPARγ， LXRα， ABCA1， and ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 （ABCG1） in liver were determined by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） and Western blot. ResultCompared with the sham group， the modeling of atherosclerosis increased the aortic plaque area （P<0.01）， elevated the serum TC， TG， LDL-C， TNF-α， and IL-6 levels （P<0.01）， decreased the level of HDL-C （P<0.01）， increased the liver index （P<0.05） and the levels of TC， TG， and NEFAs in liver （P<0.01）， and caused obvious hepatic fat vacuoles and lipid deposition. In addition， the modeling down-regulated the mRNA levels of PPARγ， LXRα， ABCA1 in liver （P<0.05， P<0.01），and regulated the mRNA and protein levels of ABCG1（P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， atorvastatin calcium and middle-， high-dose ISSP reduced the serum TC， TG， LDL-C， TNF-α， and IL-6 levels （P<0.01）， decreased the liver index （P<0.01）， alleviated the liver fat vacuoles and lipid deposition， and increased the levels of TC， TG， and NEFAs in the liver （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Furthermore， they up-regulated the mRNA and protein levels of PPARγ， LXRα， ABCA1， and ABCG1 in the liver （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionISSP may regulate lipid metabolism through PPARγ/LXRα/ABCA1 signaling pathway to down-regulate the expression of inflammatory cytokines in serum and alleviate liver lipid deposition， thereby suppressing the formation of atherosclerotic plaque.

Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes TNF-α-induced inflammatory changes in colorectal cancer HCT116 cell through NF-κB signaling pathway / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective:To investigate the mechanism by which Fusobacterium nucleatum ( Fn) infection promotes TNF-α-induced inflammatory changes in colorectal cancer HCT116 cells. Methods:Fn-infected cells and TNF-α inflammation induction models were established and divided into 4 groups, namely uninfected control group, Fn-infected group, TNF-α induction group, and Fn+ TNF-α group. First, Fn was used to infect normal colonic epithelial cells hcoEPIC, colorectal cancer HCT116 and LoVo cells, the cell adhesion was detected 4 h later. Subsequently, HCT116 cells were induced with TNF-α for 3 h and then infected with Fn. After 24 h, the cell survival rate and cell damage were detected by CCK8 experiment and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) viability assay. The ELISA method was further used to detect the expression of nuclear transcription factor NF-κB and cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β in the cell and cell culture supernatant. Results:Fn has strong adhesion to colorectal cancer cells HCT116 and LoVo ( P<0.05), but basically does not show invasion. On the contrary, it has a higher invasion rate to normal colonic epithelial cells hcoEPIC after 24 h. Compared with the uninfected Fn group, the cell survival rate of the Fn-infected group was significantly reduced and the cell damage increased ( P<0.001). Three hours after TNF-α induction, Fn infection further promoted cell death and damage ( P<0.001). The expression of NF-κB in the Fn infection and TNF-α alone treatment group was significantly higher than that of the uninfected group ( P<0.001, P<0.05), and the NF-κB expression in the Fn+ TNF-α group was significantly higher than that of the control group and the single treatment group ( P<0.001). In the Fn infection and TNF-α treatment groups, the expressions of IL-6 and IL-8 were significantly higher than those in the uninfected group ( P<0.001), and IL-1β did not change significantly ( P>0.05). The expressions of IL-6, IL-8 and IL-1β in the Fn+ TNF-α group were significantly higher than those in the normal control group and the single treatment group ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Fusobacterium nucleatum can preferentially adhere to colorectal cancer cell HCT116, further promote TNF-α-induced cell damage and death, the expression and release of NF-κB and its downstream pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β.

Epidemiological characteristics of measles before and after aarge scale supplementary immunization activities in Minhang District of Shanghai / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objectives Comparative analysis on epidemiological characteristics of measles in Minhang District before and after Large scale supplementary immunization activities of measles containing vaccine(MCV) in 2010. Methods Measles incidence data of MCV-SIA in 2010 and the first five years before 2010 (from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2009), the next five years (from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2015) and the second five years (from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2020) after were collected. Descriptive epidemiological method was used for comparative analysis. Results The incidence rate of measles in Minhang District, Shanghai after MCV-SIA in 2010 showed a significant downward trend, The average annual incidence (per 100 0000) in the first 5 years before 2010 was 155.96, SIA was 30.08,The next five years was 29.52, The second five years was 2.84,There was statistical difference in the annual incidence rate between the four groups.（χ2=3165.821，P2=1.646，P=0.223）The proportion of 8-month-old children under the age of MCV decreased from 15.46% in the first five years of MCV-sia to 5.88%,In the second five years after MCV-sia, the proportion of 10-14 age group increased from 7.81% to 13.83%, The susceptible population of measles before MCV-SIA was less than 8 month old and under the age of MCV initial immunization, no migrant workers with no history of immunization and adults with registered residence. Once there is a source of infection, it is easy to cause the spread of the epidemic. After MCV-SIA, foreign students in international schools and nonworking population became the focus of measles. Of the 95 cases in which measles virus genotypes were available in the next five years, 2 (2.11%) were A genotype, and 93 (97.89%)were the indigenous H1 genotype ; Of the 7 cases in which measles virus genotypes were available in the second five years,7 (100%)were the indigenous H1 genotype . Conclusions After MCV-SIA, the comprehensive measles prevention and control measures can effectively control the incidence and prevalence of measles in Minhang District. But circulation of the indigenous H1 genotype was not interrupted, the work of normalization measures to eliminate measles also needs to cooperate with many departments to strengthen the prevention and control measures of measles in foreign schools and the nonworking population.

Role of Autophagy in Glaucoma-induced Optic Nerve Injury and Intervention with Traditional Chinese Medicine： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Glaucoma is a common blinding eye disease characterized by progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells （RGCs） and their axons， gradual loss of visual field， and optic atrophy. The pathological changes of glaucoma are mainly the degeneration， atrophy， and loss of RGCs and their axons， which can eventually lead to the permanent impairment of visual function. The specific pathogenesis of glaucoma remains unclear. Autophagy is a process in which damaged， denatured， or senescent proteins and organelles are transported to lysosomes for digestion and degradation in order to continuously renew and rebuild cells for reuse. As revealed by clinical case analysis and animal experiments， Chinese patent medicine and some traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） therapies may be able to target the autophagy pathway. This paper expounded the role of autophagy in glaucoma-induced ocular hypertension and optic nerve injury from the aspects of stress response of ocular tissue to high intraocular pressure， trabecular meshwork dysfunction， immune regulation， and scar regulation as well as the regulatory effects of some Chinese medicinal ingredients on autophagy， aiming to explore the possibility of integrated TCM and western medicine in regulating autophagy and preventing glaucoma-induced optic nerve injury and early visual field loss. It was found that Chinese medicinal monomers or extracts function via multiple pathways and multiple targets， mainly involving two classical autophagy pathways， namely phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt）/mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR） and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase （AMPK）. Moreover， the current studies on the neuroprotective effect of TCM mostly focus on the brain and spinal cord lesions of the central nervous system， and its protective mechanism against optic nerve injury in glaucoma still needs further investigation. In addition， autophagy was like a "double-edged sword" in different experimental animal models and methods. How to artificially intervene in autophagy to prevent the apoptosis of RGCs and protect the optic nerve injury is still an urgent problem to be solved in the future research.

Analysis of pertussis surveillance 2017 to 2019 in Minhang District of Shanghai / 上海预防医学

Objective:To analyze the source of infection， clinical symptoms and epidemiological characteristics of pertussis surveillance cases in Minhang District of Shanghai from 2017 to 2019，so as to provide the basis for pertussis surveillance and immunization strategy. Methods:Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the pertussis surveillance cases. Results:A total of 334 cases were included in the pertussis active surveillance system， 237 cases were confirmed cases. There were 13 towns or streets in Minhang District， except for Pujin Street， all the other 12 towns or streets had cases. The high risk group （131/237， 55.27% of the cases） were the infants under five months old who did not reach the age of immunization or did not complete the basic immunization of diphtheria， tetanus， and acellular pertussis combined vaccine （DTaP）. The cases mainly occurred in March to July， accounting for 71.31% （169/237）. The highest culture-positive rate of Bordetella pertussis was in August （82.76%， 24/29）； the highest positive rate of polymerase chain reaction （PCR） detection was in March （58.82%， 20/34）. All the monitored cases had cough symptoms with an average cough days of 22.05±9.81 in confirmed cases. A total of 64 clustered outbreaks were detected， with an attack rate of 37.45% （94/251）. 32.91% （78/237） of the cases had contact history with coughing patients 21 days before the onset， and 94.87% （74/78） of them were family members. The aggregation of pertussis was mainly transmitted from adults to infants and infants to adults. Conclusion:Children under five months old are the high incidence population of pertussis， and family members are the main source of infection. It is suggested that pertussis monitoring and prevention should be carried out in adolescents and adults.

Ginkgo biloba extract ameliorates streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats as measured by non-targeted metabolomics / 药学学报

Metabolomics based on liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to study the initiation and development of diabetes in rats, and the ability of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) to ameliorate this pathology. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was induced by intra-peritoneal injection of streptozotocin. The rats were randomly divided into a normal control group treated with drug-free solution (NC), a normal control group treated with GBE (N-GBE), a DM group treated with drug-free solution (DM), and a DM group treated with GBE (D-GBE); rats were maintained on this protocol for 9 weeks. Rat plasma was collected from the sixth week to the ninth week and then analyzed with LC-MS. Animal experimentation was approved by the Committee on the Ethics of Animal Experiments of Xuzhou Medical University. Twelve plasma metabolites with continuous differentiation were monitored to indicate dysfunction of metabolic pathways including fatty acid metabolism, phospholipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle activity, bile acid metabolism, and purine metabolism to confirm the occurrence and development of DM. Treatment with GBE partially reversed the changes seen in five metabolites in DM rats, indicating that GBE could prevent the occurrence and development of DM by acting on fatty acid metabolism, phospholipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle.